Morphology
(/mɔ:rˈfɒlədʒi/)
Definition
Morphology (Greek) is study of shape.
Morphology is the study of how words are put together
(Lieber:2009).
Morphology is the internal structure of words
(Payne:1997).
Morphology is study about internal structure or form of
words, how words are formed and its relationship with other words in the same
language.
A. Morpheme
Morpheme
has three criteria:
a.
A
part of word that has meaning
b.
Cannot
be divided into smaller meaningful parts
c.
It
recurs in differing verbal environment with relatively stable meaning
Examples:
1.
|
Special
|
Specialist
|
2.
|
Moral
|
Moralize
|
3.
|
Assign
|
Reassign
|
4.
|
Design
|
Designer
|
5.
|
Capable
|
Incapable
|
6.
|
High
|
Highest
|
7.
|
Convent
|
Convention
|
8.
|
Stable
|
Unstable
|
9.
|
Execute
|
Executive
|
10.
|
Conduct
|
Conductor
|
B. Free
and Bound Morpheme
a.
Free
morpheme: can appear as a word by itselfor can be uttered alone with meaning
also.
b.
Bound
Morpheme: can not be appeared or uttered as a word by itself with meaning
.
Examples:
No.
|
Morphemes
|
Free morphemes
|
Bound Moprhemes
|
1.
|
Effective
|
Effect
|
-ive
|
2.
|
Modeling
|
Model
|
-ing
|
3.
|
Magician
|
Magic
|
-ian
|
4.
|
Launching
|
Launch
|
-ing
|
5.
|
Preview
|
View
|
-pre
|
6.
|
Effortless
|
Effort
|
-less
|
7.
|
Unsuitable
|
Suitable
|
-un
|
8.
|
Moderately
|
Moderate
|
-ly
|
9.
|
Imbalance
|
Balance
|
-im
|
10.
|
Rapturous
|
Repture
|
-ous
|
C. Bases
Bases is basic words that has principle meaning.
Occur as an immediate constituent of word.
It is an allomorph of a morpheme which has another
allomorph that is free form
Borrowing from another language which it can be free form or base.
Sometime bases are bound:
-sent in consent and assent.
Examples:
No.
|
Morphemes
|
Free or Base
|
1.
|
Outrageous
|
Outrage
|
2.
|
Redistribute
|
Distribute
|
3.
|
Improbability
|
Probable
|
4.
|
Mannerism
|
Manner
|
5.
|
Predetermine
|
Determine
|
6.
|
Reshuffle
|
Shuffle
|
7.
|
Satisfying
|
Satisfy
|
8.
|
Spotless
|
Spot
|
9.
|
Weaken
|
Weak
|
10.
|
Reviewer
|
View
|
D. Difficulties
in Morphemic Analysis
a.
You
have your own individual stock of morpheme just as you have a vocabulary that
is peculiarly your own.
b.
Person
may know a given morpheme but differ in the degree to which they are aware of
its presence in various words.
c.
Addictive
meanings.
E. Affixes
Affixes is a bound morpheme that occurs before or within or after base.
There are three kinds: prefixes, infixes, and suffixes.
a.
Prefixes:
bound morphemes that occur before base. In english, it is a small class of
morphemes.
Prefix
|
Meaning
|
Prefix
|
Meaning
|
Prefix
|
Meaning
|
Prefix
|
Meaning
|
a-
an-
|
· Without
· Lack
of
· Not
|
contra-anti-
|
· Againts
· Opposite
of
|
hetero-
|
· Different
· Other
|
intra-intro-
|
·
Within
·
Inside
|
ante-
|
· Before
· Earlier
· In
front of
|
de-
|
· Down
· Off
· Away
from
|
sub-
|
· Under
· Lower
|
macro-
|
·
Large
·
Prominent
|
auto-
homo-
|
· Self
· Same
|
dis-
|
· Not
· Apart
· Away
|
hyper-
|
· Over
· More
· Beyond
|
micro-
|
·
Very small
|
circum-
|
· Around
· About
|
en-
|
· Put
into
· Cover
with
|
it-
im-
in-
ir-
non-
|
· Not
· Without
|
mono-uni-
|
·
One
·
Single
·
Alone
|
Pre-
pro-
|
· Before
· Forward
|
ex-
|
· Out
of
· From
· Former
|
in-
|
· In
· Into
|
omni-
|
·
All
·
Every
|
Com-con-
co-
|
· Together
· With
|
extra-
|
· Beyond
· Outside
· More
than
|
inter-
|
· Between
· Among
|
post-
|
·
After
·
Behind
|
Example:
o antecedent
o intravenous
o unfriendly
o nonfiction
o extracurricular
b.
Infixes:
bound morphemes that is inserted within a word. There are few kinds of infixes:
1.
Inserted
inside the word
Example: beawfullyware, absobleedingtulety,
theojollylogical,
etc.
2.
Reduplication
is repeating the entire word (full reduplication) or partial reduplication.
Example: hugger-mugger,
itty-bitty, ding-dong, tick-tock, etc.
3.
Internal
change is process that substitutes one none morphemic segment for another.
Example: ring-rang-rung, see-saw-seen,
sink-sank-sunk, etc.
4.
Suppletion
is morphological process where a root morpheme is replacing by phonologically
unrelated form.
Example: go-went-gone,
little-less-least, good-better-best,etc.
c.
Suffixes:
bound morphemes that occur after base.
Suffixes
|
Meaning
|
Suffixes
|
Meaning
|
Suffixes
|
Meaning
|
-acy
|
·
State or quality
|
-er
-or
-ist
|
·
One who
|
-ness
-sion
-tion
|
·
State of being
|
-al
|
·
Act or process of
|
-ism
|
·
Doctrine belief
|
-ate
-en
-ize
-ise
|
·
Become
|
-ify
-fy
|
·
Make or become
|
-ity
-ty
|
·
Quality of
|
-able
-ible
|
·
Capable of being
|
-dom
|
·
Place or state of
being
|
-ment
|
·
Condition of
|
-al
-il
-ical
|
·
Pertaining of
|
-esque
|
·
Reminiscent of
|
-ious
-ous
-y
|
·
Characterized by
|
-ive
|
·
Having the nature
|
-ful
|
·
Notable for
|
-ish
-ian
|
·
Having the
quality of
|
-less
|
·
Without
|
-ship
|
·
Position held
|
-ance
-ence
|
·
State or quality
of
|
-er
|
·
Action
·
Process
|
Example:
o Kingdom
o Resentful
o Fellowship
o Heaviness
o Argument
F. Inflectional
Suffixes
The
inflectional suffixes is bound morpheme in which does not change the stable
meaning.
No.
|
Morphemic Symbols
|
Name
|
Examples
|
1.
|
-s pl
|
Noun plural
|
mice, hens, oxen, cats
|
2.
|
-s sg ps
|
Noun singular
possessive
|
king’s,queen’s
|
3.
|
-s pl ps
|
Noun plural
possessive
|
princes’, women’s
|
4.
|
-s 3d
|
Present
third-person singular
|
drives
|
5.
|
-ING vb
|
Present
participle
|
reading, repeating
|
6.
|
-D pt
|
Past tense
|
selected, sent
|
7.
|
-D pp
|
Past participle
|
eaten
|
8.
|
-ER cp
|
Comparative
|
sooner
|
9.
|
-EST sp
|
Superlative
|
soonest
|
It
differs from the derivational suffixes in the following ways, to which there
are few exceptions:
o They do not change the part of speech.
Examples:
-
place,
places
(both nouns)
-
look,
looked
(both verbs)
-
tall,
taller
(both adjective)
o They come in last word.
Examples:
-
shortened
-
villaiinies
-
industrializine
They
go with all stems of a given part of speech.
Examples:
-
She
sleeps, eats, buys, dreams.
o They do not pile up only one ends a word.
Examples:
-
flakes
-
sleeping
-
lower
-
written
G. Derivational
suffixes
It
changes the meaning of word (unstable meaning). The characteristics of
derivational suffixes are:
o
The
words with which derivational suffixes combine is an arbitary matter. It means
that only specific word that can be combined with varieties of derivational
suffixes.
Example:
